This map of the USA shows which states permit the use of initiative, referendum, and popular recall of state officials. Initiative and referendum procedures may apply to statutes or to constitutional amendments. As of 2003, 24 states permit some form of initiative for statutes and/or constitutional amendments. Twenty-four also allow referenda on statutes (every state except Delaware requires voter approval of constitutional amendments). Eighteen states permit the recall of state officials. Eighteen states, including Texas, lack any initiative, referendum or recall procedures.